Threatened
with arrest in 2009, Lamin F. Bojang fled Gambia after publicly
contradicting its president’s claims that he could cure AIDS. Now 31,
Mr. Bojang lives in Concourse Village in the Bronx with his wife and
2-year-old son and works as a receptionist at Kingsbrook Jewish Medical
Center in Brooklyn, while working toward a bachelor’s degree in
political science at City College.
With
educational and professional opportunities in Gambia scarce for his
generation, “the rest will have to find ways of leaving,” he said, “and
African migrants here, just as previous migrants, are likely not going
to return to their countries of origin.”
Niat
Amare, 28, graduated from law school in Ethiopia where she grew up, she
recalled, “watching the media portray the U.S. as the land of
opportunities.” She arrived here in 2010, lives in Harlem and said she
felt welcome in New York. “Anyone would find one’s countryman here,
which eases the strange feeling we all have the first time we leave
home,” said Ms. Amare, a legal advocate for the African Services
Committee, a nonprofit organization that assists new immigrants.
While
the migration of black Africans is not new, the number of sub-Saharan
immigrants has grown swiftly, an influx that is shifting the demographic
landscape across the country, including in New York City.
Between
2000 and 2010, the number of legal black African immigrants in the
United States about doubled, to around one million. During that single
decade, according to the most reliable estimates, more black Africans
arrived in this country on their own than were imported directly to
North America during the more than three centuries of the slave trade.
And
while New York State is home to the largest proportion and many have
gravitated to ethnic enclaves like Little Senegal in West Harlem or the
Concourse Village section of the West Bronx, to live among fellow
Ghanaians, black immigrants from Africa have tended to disperse more
widely across the country — to California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois,
Maryland, Texas and Virginia — than Caribbean-born blacks.
About
a third of black New Yorkers were born abroad, mostly in the Caribbean.
Africans constitute about 4 percent of the city’s foreign-born
population, but as much as 10 percent in the Bronx. At last count,
according to an analysis of census estimates by the Department of City
Planning, from 2000 to 2011 the African-born population increased 39
percent to 128,000, although other estimates suggest that many more are
living here without legal residency.
“They’ve
been doubling every 10 years since 1980,” said Kim Nichols, an
executive director of the African Services Committee, which is based in
Harlem. “There’s a more established family and community network here to
come to.”
Some
come as refugees, some with work visas or special skills, many to stay
and others to hone their talents and eventually apply them back home.
The yearly flow can be affected by wars and epidemics.
“They’re
a self-selected population,” Ms. Nichols said. “They have to be the
most ambitious and have the means to get here — at least one plane
ticket — and a fearlessness about coming to a new place.”
She
recalled a boy who was 13 and fluent only in Soninke when he arrived
alone from Mali after his family had finally scraped together enough
money to pay for his airfare. The young man, now 18, just got his green
card.
“His
parents saved everything for years to buy a plane ticket,” Ms. Nichols
said. “They have this dream. They’re dirt poor and the only way their
kids are going to get ahead is to get them here by hook or crook.”
An
analysis of the Census Bureau’s latest American Community Survey, which
ended in 2012, found that 30 percent of African-born blacks in the city
had a college degree, compared with 22 percent of native-born blacks,
18 percent of Caribbean-born blacks and 19 percent of the nonblack
foreign born.
Immigrants like Mr. Bojang and Ms. Amare say they still identify more as African than as black or African-American.
“Many
black immigrants do not identify with the historical experiences of
discrimination encountered by blacks in the United States,” said Kevin
D. Brown, a law professor at Indiana University’s Maurer School of Law.
Two
generations removed from colonialism and legal segregation, said Dr.
Khalil Gibran Muhammad, director of the New York Public Library’s
Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, “the younger African
immigrants tend to be less consciously ‘black’ and are somewhat reticent
to link their fates with the history and contemporary protest
traditions of African-Americans.”
“Selma doesn’t exactly cut it for them,” he said.
Kobina
Aidoo, director of “The Neo-African-Americans,” a documentary, said,
“I’ve heard people refer to themselves as everything from ‘African
African-American’ to ‘Halfrican American’ to ‘White African-American’ to
‘Real African-American’ to ‘American African” to ‘Just black.’ ”
Dr. Muhammad, recalling the shooting by the police of Amadou Diallo, an unarmed immigrant from Guinea in the Bronx in 1999, and of Michael Brown, an unarmed teenager in Ferguson, Mo., last month, said color still trumped place of origin.
“Diversity
among African-descended communities remains a black box and a mystery
to most Americans,” he said. “Where public safety is concerned, black is
all that matters.”
Mr.
Bojang, who hopes to study law here after graduating from City College,
said it might seem paradoxical that young Africans, who centuries ago
arrived in chains, now dream of coming to America — but largely because
the educational and economic opportunities are so much better than back
home.
“So,
if you look at the factors in place and contrast that with the
conditions of the continuous struggle of the African-Americans for
economic and social justice, it will be an error in judgment to say that
the U.S. is becoming the Mecca for Africans.
“After all,” he said, “we are all Africans.”
(Culled from The New York Times)
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